IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research

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Get Permission Neelakantan, Patkar, Mishra, Bhojane, Salvi, and Goriwale: Use of formalin-alcohol method of cell block preparation in examination of body fluids - An original study


Introduction

Cytology, or Cytopathology, involves examining cells from bodily tissues or fluids to reach a probable or definitive diagnosis. The benefits of this method are that it is less invasive, economical, easy to perform and can yield quicker results, to name a few.

Diagnostic cytopathology incorporates various types of techniques, like aspiration cytology (FNAC), fluid cytology, imprint cytology etc. for determination of diagnosis.

However, FNAC and other types of cytology have their own drawbacks.

Problems like poor preservation of cellular morphology, poor preservation of architecture, hemorrhagic aspirates, clumping of cells can be a hindrance in diagnosing various lesions, especially malignant ones.

This is where cell block technique comes in handy.

Cell block preparation is a well-known technique in cytological diagnosis, which acts as a bridge between cytology and histopathology. It helps to maintain architectural integrity of the tissue under study, thus aiding visualization of various patterns and morphology. It also helps in maximum preservation of cellular and nuclear morphology, thus helping in identifying nuclear features optimally.

There is no standardized method currently for preparation of cell blocks, and various methods include plasma-thrombin, Carnoy’s method, etc.

Through this study, we aim to propose the Formalin-Alcohol technique which is cost effective, consumes less time and can be performed with reagents which are easily available at the histopathology laboratory.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a study intended to compare two techniques of cell block preparation, and shed light on the utility of formalin-alcohol method of cell block preparation.

Our study was conducted over a period of two months, and included 20 samples.

The samples included in our study comprised pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, ascitic fluid and urine.

All samples were subjected to cell block preparation by two methods:

Formalin Alcohol Method and Plasma Thrombin Method.

The methodology has been described in brief below:

Formalin alcohol method

3-4 ml fluid was centrifuged; supernatant discarded and the sediment mixed with

10% formal-alcohol (90 ml absolute ethanol + 10 ml concentrated formaldehyde).

After standing for 1 hour, a clot was formed which was submitted for processing.

Plasma thrombin method

3-4 ml fluid was centrifuged; supernatant discarded and the sediment mixed with citrate plasma & thromboplastin in equal amounts.

After shaking well, the clot formed was fixed in neutral buffered formalin for 6 hours and then submitted for processing.

Following automated processing, the slides were stained with H&E stain, and microscopic examination was carried out.

Special stains were performed wherever necessary.

Results

The 20 fluids which we processed in our study, spanned over following types and categories Table 1.

Table 1

Type and category of fluid

Type of fluid

Pleural fluid (n=09)

Ascitic fluid (n=06)

Urine (n=03)

Pericardial fluid (n=02)

Pathological process

Inflammatory

03

04

00

02

Benign

02

00

00

00

Malignant

04

02

03

00

[i] n: number of samples

The following morphological parameters were studied, and graded as mentioned Table 2.

Table 2

Morphological parameters

Type of fluid

Cellular morphology

Nuclear details

Stain intensity

Artifacts

Special stains/IHC

FA method

PT met hod

FA method

PT method

FA method

PT method

FA method

PT method

FA method

PT method

Pleural fluid (9)

++

++

+++

++

+++

++

+

+

++

++

Ascitic fluid (6)

++

++

+++

++

+++

++

+

+

++

++

Urine (3)

++

+

++

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Pericardial fluid (2)

++

++

+++

++

+++

++

+

+

++

++

[i] n: number of samples

[ii] FA: Formalin-alcohol method; PT: Plasma Thrombin method; IHC: Immunohistochemistry

We observed in our study that of the parameters analyzed, cell blocks prepared by formalin alcohol method showed superior quality in cellular morphology and nuclear morphology. (Figure 1)

Routine HE staining of the cell block demonstrated a clear distinction between inflammatory, benign, and malignant cells. Staining intensity was also better in cell blocks prepared by the above method. (Figure 1)

Urine cytology in particular showed a distinct improvement.

Pericardial and ascitic fluid examination also revealed similar results. (Figure 2, Figure 3)

We received pleural fluid cytology of a patient with history of carcinoma breast. Immunohistochemistry was performed on cell block tissue prepared by the formalin-alcohol method, which showed positive staining for ER & PR.(Figure 4)

Figure 1

Comparison of morphology between formalin alcohol v/s plasma thrombinmethod.

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-prod-media-server/c4650044-8d77-4bab-88f4-536b4cde7874image1.png
Figure 2

Pericardial fluid: cytology, FA method, PT method

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-prod-media-server/c4650044-8d77-4bab-88f4-536b4cde7874image2.png
Figure 3

A&B:Ascitic fluid: cytology, FA method, PT method.

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-prod-media-server/c4650044-8d77-4bab-88f4-536b4cde7874image3.png
Figure 4

A,B,C: Pleural fluid: cytology, FA method, PT method

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/typeset-prod-media-server/c4650044-8d77-4bab-88f4-536b4cde7874image4.png

Discussion

Fluid cytology, and cytology in general, is one the oldest, albeit most reliable techniques in the diagnosis of various entities.1, 2 However, failure rate in this technique is marked, due to reduced cellularity.

Cell block preparation allows for the reduction of this failure rate, by controlling the processing-related artifacts and reducing errors like pressure-induced crush artifacts, clumping due to improper spreading, etc.3 This is because the basic principle behind the cell block is transforming the fluid is transformed into an easily recognizable tissue-like pattern.4

Various methods of cell block preparation are available, like The Sodium Alginate Method, The Pregelatinized Starch Method, The Cell-Gel Method and the Histogel Tube Method etc.5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Desai et al1 in their study used the modified alcohol-formalin technique to preserve FNAC samples and to make cell blocks from various cases of head and neck pathologies. Their findings and conclusion were comparable to our study.

Nathan et al. 4, 10 in their study, suggest ed that formalin, despite being a good tissue fixative, does not preserve the cellular details in a cell block preparation. They used Nathan alcohol formalin substitute and observed a better maintenance of cellular features. Their technique, however, led to a longer processing time than our technique.

In our study, we used the modified formalin-alcohol technique to preserve and process fluid samples. This technique is a modification of the 10% alcohol-formalin technique employed by Udasimath et al. 6 However, our methodology differed from theirs in the way that we limited the use of alcohol and prolonged the fixation time with formalin.

All the samples of ascitic fluid, pericardial fluid and pleural fluid yielded results in favor if Formalin-alcohol method. 11, 12, 13, 14

In our comparison between the two methods, ie. formalin-alcohol method and plasma thrombin method, the observations we made were as follows:

Table 3

Comparative analysis of both methods

Parameters studied

Cost effectiveness

Time of preparation

Ease of preparation

Method used

Formalin - alcohol method

cost per cell block preparation = approx. Rs 6 much more cost effective

time taken for each cell block preparation: approx. 1 hour additional fixation time eliminated

reagents easily available in histopathology lab all around the year

Plasma thrombin method

cost per cell block preparation = approx. Rs 30 less cost effective

time taken for each cell block preparation: approx. 7 hours with fixation

reagents need to be purchased additionally plasma to be sourced or obtained from healthy individual

We also observed that for the purpose of immunohistochemistry, formalin alcohol method proved to be a better method, due to superior fixation of tissue.15, 16

Thus, the modified formalin-alcohol technique has numerous advantages with a few limitations.

Conclusion

Formalin-Alcohol technique of cell block preparation has proven to be a useful and resourceful method on a routine basis, due to its optimal cellular morphological appearance, cost effectiveness and ease of preparation in the laboratory.

We encourage that cell block preparation be made a routine practice whenever FNAC is indicated, and the formalin-alcohol method is a recommended method for routine use in a histopathology laboratory.

Acknowledgements

Mr. Deeptesh Salvi – Laboratory Manager, Plus Care Internationals Private Limited.

Mr. Sunil Bhojane – Senior Technician, Plus Care Internationals Private Limited.

Mr. Sarthak Goriwale – Junior Technician, Plus Care Internationals Private Limited.

Source of Funding

None.

Conflicts of Interest

There is no conflict of interest.

References

1 

KM Desai PV Angadi AD Kale S Hallikerimath Modified alcohol-formalin cell block technique in head and neck pathology diagnosisActa Cytologica20186213943

2 

LG Koss Scope and sampling techniques in diagnostic cytologyDiagnostic Cytology and Its Histopathologic Bases14th Edn. J.B. LippincottPhiladelphia19

3 

SR Orell Pitfalls in fine needle aspiration cytologyCytopathology20031441738210.1046/j.1365-2303.2003.00078.x

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N Nathan E Narayan M Smith M Horn Improved preparation and its efficacy in diagnostic cytologyAm J Clin Pathol2000114459960610.1309/G035-P2MM-D1TM-T5QE

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L Krogerus I Kholová Cell block in cytological diagnostics: review of preparatory techniquesActa Cytol20186242374310.1159/000489769

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S Udasimath S Arakeril M Karigowdar B Telikar The role of the cell block method in the diagnosis of malignant ascitic fluid effusionsJ Clin Diagn Res20126712803

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F Velios J Griffin Examination of body fluids for tumors cellsAm J Clin Pathol19542466768110.1093/ajcp/24.6.676

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C Musso M Silva-Santos FEL Pereira Cotton block method: one-step method of cell block preparation after fine needle aspirationActa Cytol200549122610.1159/000326090

9 

D Zanoni F Grandi D Cagnini S Bosco N Rocha Agarose cell block technique as a complementary method in the diagnosis of fungal osteomyelitis in a dogOpen Vet J201221192210.5455/OVJ.2012.v2.i0.p19

10 

SN Shobha CR Kodandaswamy Utility of modified cell block technique in cases of pleural effusion suspected for malignancyInt J Health Sci Res201331328

11 

Lph Bahrenburg On the diagnostic results of the microscopical examination of the ascitic fluid in two cases of carcinoma involving the peritoneumCleveland Med Gaz1986112748

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CB Chapman EJ Whalen The examination of serous fluids by the cell-block technicN Engl J Med194723772152010.1056/NEJM194708142370702

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J Zhao DL Lin LH Zhai JG Wang Evaluation of ultrasound-processed rapid cell blocks in the cytopathologic diagnosis of cavity fluidsActa Cytol20145821829110.1159/000357658

14 

KG Lindsey PM Houser W Shotsberger-Gray OS Chajewski J Yang Young investigator challenge: a novel, simple method for cell block preparation, implementation, and use over 2 yearsCancer Cytopathol2016124128859210.1002/cncy.21795

15 

D Martins F Beca F Schmitt Metastatic breast cancer: mechanisms and opportunities for cytologyCytopathology201425422523010.1111/cyt.12158

16 

W M Domagala M Markiewski T Tuziak A Kram K Weber M Osborn Immunocytochemistry on fine needle aspirates in paraffin miniblocksActa Cytol19903432916



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Article type

Original Article


Article page

214-219


Authors Details

Amrita Neelakantan, Rakesh Patkar, Shilpa Mishra, Sunil Bhojane, Deeptesh Salvi, Sarthak Goriwale


Article History

Received : 27-08-2022

Accepted : 21-10-2022


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